Mastering Bathroom Cabinet Planning for Style & Function


Intro
Understanding the intricacies of bathroom cabinet planning is essential for anyone looking to enhance their bathroom's functionality and aesthetics. A bathroom cabinet serves not only as a storage solution but also as a crucial design element that can significantly influence the overall ambiance of the space. In this guide, we will explore the major aspects, such as design inspiration, material selection, and innovative storage solutions, providing a comprehensive understanding of how to create a bathroom cabinet that meets your practical needs and aligns with your personal style.
Design Inspiration
When considering the design of your bathroom cabinet, look to current trends in interior design for inspiration. Many homeowners seek modern, minimalist aesthetics, characterized by clean lines and uncluttered surfaces. Alternatively, some may prefer a more traditional style with intricate detailing and rich wood finishes. By analyzing popular designs, you can gain insight into how to best integrate your personal preferences with functional needs.
Current Trends in Interior Design
Contemporary bathroom designs often embrace functional beauty. Key trends include:
- Floating Vanities: These offer a sleek look while maximizing floor space, creating an illusion of a larger area.
- Open Shelving: This trend encourages accessibility and adds a casual vibe to the room while showcasing decorative items.
- Biophilic Elements: Integrating natural materials and plants can enhance the bathroom's atmosphere, making it feel more inviting.
These trends reflect a growing preference for design that prioritizes both form and function, encouraging homeowners to customize their spaces with careful planning.
Color Palettes and Schemes
When selecting colors, consider how they will interact with the overall bathroom theme. Neutral palettes like soft whites, grays, and beige can create a calming environment, whereas bold hues can add a touch of personality.
Key considerations:
- Complementary Colors: Ensure colors of cabinets, walls, and fixtures do not clash but rather enhance each other.
- Lighting: Test color swatches in different lighting to see how they appear throughout the day.
- Finish Options: Glossy finishes may reflect light and open up a space while matte finishes can evoke a more subdued, elegant feel.
Choosing the right color can elevate your bathroom space and influence your mood.
By considering both the latest trends and timeless color schemes, you can craft a cabinet that not only serves its purpose but also becomes a focal point in your bathroom.
Material Selection
The materials used in your cabinet can greatly impact both durability and aesthetic appeal. Here are some popular options with their pros and cons:
- Wood: Offers a natural beauty; however, it requires regular maintenance to prevent water damage.
- MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard): Cost-effective and versatile, but may not be as durable as solid wood.
- Plywood: Strong and resistant to warping; it is a great choice if faced with moisture.
- Metal: Provides a modern look but can be cold to the touch and may not suit all designs.
Choosing the right materials involves balancing durability, aesthetics, and budget constraints.
Space Optimization
A successful bathroom cabinet design must optimize space effectively. Consider:
- Size and Scale: Ensure the size of the cabinet complements the dimensions of the bathroom.
- Multi-Functionality: Look for cabinets with built-in features, such as lighting and mirrors, to reduce clutter and enhance usability.
- Vertical Storage Solutions: Use wall-mounted cabinets or shelving to make the most of limited floor space.
Implementing these strategies will ensure that your cabinet meets not only functional requirements but enhances the overall efficiency of your bathroom layout.
Installation Techniques
Proper installation is vital to maintain the integrity and appearance of your cabinet. Key steps involve:
- Measurements: Accurate measurements are crucial to ensure a good fit.
- Preparation: Prepare the area to avoid moisture damage and ensure a stable base.
- Leveling: Make certain that everything is level to prevent issues down the line.
Following these guidelines will help you successfully install your bathroom cabinet, ensuring longevity and functionality while maintaining aesthetic appeal.
Understanding Bathroom Cabinets
Understanding bathroom cabinets is fundamental for anyone considering a bathroom remodel or renovation. These structures not only provide necessary storage but also substantially influence the room's overall aesthetics. Choosing the right cabinets involves assessing available space, considering user needs, and discerning appropriate styles that suit personal preferences. A well-planned cabinet system enhances functionality, reduces clutter, and elevates the room's visual appeal.
Definition and Purpose
Bathroom cabinets serve various essential functions. At their core, they are designed to store toiletries, towels, and other essentials. However, their purpose extends beyond mere storage. They can act as a stylistic focal point in the bathroom. A cabinet well-chosen can seamlessly blend into the design scheme or serve as a striking contrast that adds depth to the space. Moreover, bathroom cabinets allow homeowners to maintain an organized environment. This is useful in smaller spaces where clutter can detract from both function and form.
Types of Bathroom Cabinets
There are several types of bathroom cabinets, each with its own characteristics and benefits. Understanding these types helps in making informed choices:
- Vanity Cabinets: These typically incorporate a sink, providing both function and style. They often feature drawers and shelving for storing bathroom items.
- Wall Cabinets: These are mounted high on the wall, providing additional storage without occupying floor space. They are ideal for smaller bathrooms.
- Free-Standing Cabinets: As the name suggests, these sit directly on the floor and can be moved if necessary. They offer versatile storage solutions.
- Linen Cabinets: Designed primarily for storing linens and towels, these are typically taller and slimmer, fitting into narrow spaces.
Each type of cabinet can be customized based on size, material, and design, making it possible to find the perfect fit for any bathroom layout. Understanding the different options is critical in achieving a functional and stylish bathroom.
Assessing Space and Needs
Assessing space and needs is crucial when planning a bathroom cabinet. It provides a foundational understanding of what is possible and practical for the given area. By taking the time to evaluate the dimensions and the specific requirements of the users, one can avoid potential pitfalls later in the process. A thorough assessment ensures that the design will be functional, aesthetically pleasing, and meet individual preferences.


Measuring Available Space
Measuring available space involves several key steps that help define the boundaries within which the cabinet must fit. This process begins with accurate measurements of the bathroom itself. Homeowners should use a tape measure to capture the width, height, and depth of the area designated for the cabinet. It is wise to account for existing features such as plumbing fixtures, windows, and electrical outlets.
Additionally, consider the following points during measurements:
- Clearance Space: Ensure that there is enough space for doors to open and for unobstructed movement within the bathroom.
- Vertical Space: Many modern cabinets utilize vertical height. Be sure to measure from the floor to the ceiling to optimize this aspect.
- Depth Considerations: Not all cabinets are created equally. Deep cabinets may restrict movement in smaller bathrooms.
A detailed floor plan may also be helpful for visualizing the space and planning the layout effectively. Evaluating the space comprehensively will guide the design process and contribute to a harmonious integration within the existing bathroom.
Identifying User Requirements
Identifying user requirements is essential in ensuring that the cabinet meets the practical needs of those who will use it daily. Individual habits and preferences play a significant role in determining the functionality of the cabinet. Given the variety of family members, their differing needs must be taken into consideration.
Some helpful questions to ask include:
- Who will use the bathroom most often? Understanding who uses the space will help in customizing storage and accessories to suit adult or child needs.
- What items need storage? Each user may have different toiletries, towels, and other essentials. Acknowledging these individual items can inform shelf heights, drawer sizes, and compartmentalization.
- How often are items accessed? Frequent users may prefer easier accessibility, which might mean more open shelving or shallow drawers.
Ensuring that all needs are considered will facilitate not only better design choices but enhance the overall usability and enjoyment of the space.
Assessing space and identifying user needs are fundamental steps in the planning process. They allow for a functional, comfortable, and stylish bathroom cabinet that aligns with lifestyle preferences.
By integrating these concepts, a bathroom cabinet can transcend mere storage and become an integral part of the bathroom's functionality and design.
Design Considerations
When planning a bathroom cabinet, design considerations play a vital role. These elements determine not just the aesthetics but also the functionality of the space. A well-thought-out design can create an organized environment, enhancing the user experience. It encompasses style, usability, and the integration of storage solutions. Considering various factors can lead to a harmonious balance between form and function.
Style and Aesthetic Factors
Choosing the right style for a bathroom cabinet influences the overall look of the space. Each style has its own advantages and characteristics that can complement or enhance the bathroom's theme.
Modern
Modern design emphasizes simplicity and minimalism. Clean lines and sleek surfaces define this style. A modern bathroom cabinet often features flat-panel doors, which contribute to a streamlined appearance. This approach is aesthetically pleasing and provides an uncluttered feel.
One significant characteristic of modern design is its focus on materials like glass and metal, which can give a bathroom a sophisticated look. The benefit of this style is its versatility; it can suit various layouts and colors. However, one unique feature to consider is the tendency for modern cabinets to have limited decorative options, making personal expression less pronounced.
Traditional
Traditional bathroom cabinets are known for their warm and inviting appeal. They often showcase detailed woodwork and classic hardware. This style brings a sense of elegance and a timeless quality to the bathroom.
A key characteristic of traditional cabinets is their intricate designs, such as ornate moldings and raised panels. These features make them a popular choice for those seeking a classic look. However, the downside can be their bulkiness, which may not perform well in smaller spaces.
Transitional
The transitional style bridges the gap between modern and traditional designs. It provides a balanced aesthetic that can appeal to a broad audience. Key characteristics include clean lines paired with softer contours, creating a cozy yet sophisticated atmosphere.
One unique feature of transitional cabinets is their flexibility. They can incorporate elements from both styles, allowing homeowners to personalize their space. The balance achieved in this style is beneficial, as it provides both elegance and simplicity, making it suitable for various tastes.
Color Schemes and Finishes
Color schemes and finishes are crucial in finalizing cabinent designs. The right combination can enhance any style, whether modern, traditional, or transitional.
When selecting colors, homeowners should consider the overall theme of the bathroom. Neutral colors work well for a calm and serene space, while bold colors can create a striking focal point. Finishes such as matte or glossy affect not just visual appeal but also maintenance and durability.
Choosing eco-friendly paints and finishes also supports sustainability, aligning with modern values of responsible design.
Material Selection
Material selection for bathroom cabinets is a critical aspect that directly influences both functionality and aesthetics. Choosing the right materials impacts durability, style, and maintenance. Moreover, the materials you select can also affect the environmental footprint of your design. Homeowners and design enthusiasts should focus on several key elements when making these decisions.
Benefits of Proper Material Selection:
- Longevity: High-quality materials tend to withstand the humid environment of bathrooms, reducing the need for premature replacements.
- Maintenance Ease: Certain materials are easier to clean and maintain, which is crucial in high-traffic areas like bathrooms.
- Aesthetics: Different materials offer various finishes and styles, allowing for customization according to individual preferences.
It is advisable to consider the specific needs of your bathroom space and how your selected materials align with your overall design vision.
Wood vs. Alternatives
Wood has long been a popular choice for bathroom cabinet construction due to its natural beauty and warmth. However, alternatives are becoming increasingly common, each with its advantages and disadvantages. When comparing wood to alternatives, consider the following factors:


- Timber: Solid wood offers elegance and timeless appeal. It can be stained or painted to fit different styles. However, moisture resistance is a concern unless properly sealed.
- Plywood: This material is sturdy and can resist warping better than solid wood. It's also suitable for custom designs, making it versatile.
- Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF): Often used for its cost-effectiveness, MDF can be painted with ease. However, it is less durable when exposed to excessive moisture.
- Plastic Laminates: Perfect for modern designs, these are highly resistant to water and easy to clean. Yet, they may lack the warmth and character of traditional wood.
Durability and Maintenance
Durability and maintenance are paramount when it comes to bathroom cabinets. Materials must withstand moisture, heat, and daily use over time. Here are some essential considerations:
- Resistance to Moisture: Opt for materials that are inherently resistant to humidity, such as treated wood or laminate.
- Cleaning Ease: Choose surfaces that can be wiped down easily without damaging finish. For instance, semi-gloss surfaces tend to resist stains and are easy to maintain.
- Typical Wear and Tear: Consider how well the material will hold up against scratches or dings. Solid wood can repair easily, while certain laminates might require replacement if damaged.
- Long-Term Care: Understand the care needed for each material. Wood may need periodic sealing, while plastic laminates might only need a simple wipe-down.
The right material can effectively balance aesthetics with functional durability, ensuring that your bathroom cabinets not only look good but also serve you well over time.
"Investing in quality materials upfront can save you time and money in the long run by reducing the need for repairs and replacements."
Storage Solutions
Storage solutions are a fundamental aspect of bathroom cabinet planning. They play a pivotal role in enhancing both functionality and organization in small spaces. Each solution brings specific benefits that address common storage challenges faced in bathrooms. Effective storage not only maximizes the available space but also streamlines everyday tasks.
Optimizing Vertical Space
In many homes, bathrooms often have limited floor space. Utilizing vertical space is essential to making the most out of the available area. Wall-mounted cabinets and high shelves can house towels, toiletries, and other essentials without taking up valuable ground space. Adding hooks, baskets, or shelves above toilets can also contribute to a more organized environment. By going vertical, homeowners can increase storage without compromising on floor area, making the overall look less cluttered.
Utilizing Drawer Dividers and Inserts
Another way to create a systematic approach to storage is through drawer dividers and inserts. These tools help categorize and separate a variety of bathroom items. For instance, a divided drawer can keep makeup, hair tools, and grooming products neatly organized. Inserts can also maximize space by allowing smaller items to fit snugly without sliding around. This organization can significantly reduce the time spent searching for specific items, making daily routines more efficient and pleasant.
Incorporating Open Shelving
Open shelving presents a unique opportunity to merge storage solutions with aesthetic appeal. Unlike traditional closed cabinets, open shelves make items easily accessible and can serve as a showcase for stylish containers or decorative pieces. When planning to incorporate open shelving, it is vital to consider the types of items displayed. If one chooses to place towels or toiletries on open shelves, ensuring they are arranged neatly is essential. This not only promotes cleanliness but also contributes to the bathroom’s overall style.
Effective storage solutions are what transform a bathroom from chaotic to calm. A well-organized space enhances daily routines and creates a more enjoyable environment.
Utilizing optimal storage solutions ensures that the bathroom remains a functional and enjoyable space. This effectiveness lies not in the quantity of items stored but in the organization and thoughtful allocation of space.
Lighting Considerations
Lighting plays a crucial role in enhancing both the functionality and aesthetics of a bathroom cabinet plan. Proper lighting can transform a space, making it more inviting and practical. Different types of lighting serve unique purposes, contributing to the overall experience of using the bathroom. Understanding the various lighting options and their placements can greatly influence the design and usability of bathroom cabinets.
Types of Lighting
Ambient
Ambient lighting serves as the primary source of illumination in a bathroom. It provides a general light level that fills the entire space. The key characteristic of ambient light is its ability to create a soft glow that helps prevent harsh shadows. This makes it a popular choice for achieving a warm and inviting atmosphere. In the context of a bathroom cabinet plan, ambient lighting is beneficial as it enhances visibility without creating glare.
A unique feature of ambient lighting is its versatility. It can be achieved through ceiling fixtures or other overhead lights that distribute light evenly. However, the disadvantage might be that it could lack the focused light needed for specific tasks like makeup application.
Task
Task lighting is specifically designed to illuminate areas where detailed work is performed. This type of lighting includes fixtures that focus on specific zones such as mirrors and countertops. The key characteristic of task lighting is its intensity; it is generally brighter than ambient lighting. This makes it a beneficial option in a bathroom cabinet plan. Proper task lighting allows for activities requiring close attention to detail, such as shaving or applying skincare products.
The unique feature of task lighting is its ability to enhance usability in critical areas, improving the overall experience in the bathroom. However, the downside could include overexposure to light in smaller spaces, which may lead to discomfort for some users.
Accent
Accent lighting is used to highlight specific features or decor elements in a bathroom. This type of lighting can draw attention to artwork, textured tiles, or beautiful cabinetry. The key characteristic of accent lighting is its ability to add depth and style to a bathroom design, making it a complementary choice for a cabinet plan.
One unique aspect of accent lighting is that it enhances the visual appeal without overwhelming the space with brightness. Nevertheless, its downside might be that it should not be relied upon as the primary source of light, as it does not illuminate the entire area effectively.
Placement Strategies
Proper placement of lighting elements in relation to bathroom cabinets is essential. Here are some strategies to consider:
- Position lights above mirrors: This helps reduce shadows on faces during grooming tasks.
- Install fixtures at eye level: This creates a more balanced light distribution.
- Consider wall sconces: These can provide flattering light on either side of the mirror.
- Use dimmers: This allows for flexibility in lighting levels depending on time of day or mood.
By implementing effective lighting considerations, homeowners can significantly enhance their bathroom cabinetry experience. A well-thought-out lighting scheme not only provides practicality but also adds a layer of sophistication to the overall design.
Installation Techniques
Understanding the installation techniques for bathroom cabinets is crucial for homeowners and design enthusiasts alike. Proper installation ensures that the cabinet functions well, aligns with design preferences, and endures typical wear and tear. An effective installation approach enhances both safety and aesthetics in the bathroom, making it vital to understand the various steps involved and the tools necessary for the task.
Understanding Installation Steps
Installation steps vary depending on the type and size of the cabinet. However, there are general procedures that apply across different projects. Here are the key steps to consider:


- Preparation: Before starting the installation, ensure that the area is clean and clear of any obstacles. Gather all required materials and tools to avoid interruptions.
- Measuring: Accurate measurements are essential. Determine the optimal height and alignment for the cabinet. Mark these measurements on the wall with a level.
- Mounting: For wall-mounted cabinets, it is important to locate the wall studs. These provide the strength needed to hold the weight of the cabinet. Use a stud finder to accurately locate them.
- Securing the Cabinet: After positioning the cabinet, use screws to secure it to the wall. Ensure that it is level and plumb. If you encounter any adjustments, now is the time to make them.
- Finishing Touches: Once secured, attach the cabinet doors, handles, and any additional features. A final inspection for fit and finish adds to the overall appeal of the installation.
Tools Required for Installation
Having the right tools can make a substantial difference in the ease and quality of cabinet installation. Here’s a list of essential tools:
- Drill: For making holes and driving screws.
- Screwdriver: Both flat and Phillips types are useful.
- Stud Finder: To locate wall studs for secure mounting.
- Level: To ensure cabinet is installed straight.
- Tape Measure: For accurate measurements.
- Utility Knife: For minor adjustments, if needed.
- Pencil: To mark measurements on walls without leaving permanent marks.
- Clamps: Helpful for holding pieces together during assembly.
Learning how to install cabinets properly will enhance their functionality and longevity. Engaging with these techniques not only saves costs on hiring professionals but also empowers homeowners with the ability to customize their space according to personal preferences.
"Installing cabinets correctly is a fundamental skill that improves both the beauty and functionality of any bathroom."
In summary, understanding installation techniques is a vital skill for creating a successful bathroom cabinet plan. By following the outlined steps and using the right tools, the installation process can be both straightforward and rewarding.
Cost Considerations
Understanding the financial implications of bathroom cabinet planning is critical for achieving a well-balanced design. Cost considerations impact decisions across various stages—from initial budgeting to final selections. Acknowledging these aspects not only ensures that you stay within your budget but also aids in making informed choices that align with your overall vision. Within this context, factors such as materials, size, complexity of installation, and additional features play significant roles.
Budgeting for Your Cabinet Plan
Establishing a clear budget is the foundation of any successful cabinet plan. Start by assessing your total spending capacity. Break this down into various categories, including materials, labor, and finishing touches. Here are key details to include in your budget:
- Materials Cost: Identify the type of material desired, such as wood, laminate, or metal. Each comes with varying price points. For example, solid wood cabinets typically come at a higher cost but offer lasting durability and aesthetic appeal.
- Installation Charges: If you plan to hire professionals, factor in labor costs. These can vary based on the complexity of the installation and the geographic location. It's prudent to collect quotes from several contractors.
- Hardware and Accessories: Don't overlook the hardware, as it can enhance both functionality and look. Include costs for items like hinges, handles, and organizational inserts.
- Contingency Fund: Lastly, consider setting aside a percentage of your budget—about 10%—for unforeseen expenses during the project.
Factors Affecting Overall Costs
Several elements can influence the total cost of your bathroom cabinet plan:
- Size and Scale: Larger cabinets naturally require more materials and labor, driving up costs. Assess your space precisely to determine the most efficient layout.
- Cabinet Style: Custom cabinets will generally incur higher expenses compared to pre-fabricated options. Customization provides unique features but can stretch your budget.
- Location: Depending on where you live, prices for materials and labor can fluctuate. Urban areas often have higher costs compared to rural settings.
- Design Complexity: Intricate designs with multiple features can be more expensive. Simplifying designs can help in managing costs.
- Seasonal Promotions: Keep an eye on seasonal sales on cabinets and materials. These can significantly reduce overall expenses if timed properly.
In summary, having a clear understanding of cost considerations empowers homeowners to make prudent design choices, ensuring a beautiful and functional bathroom cabinet setup without financial strain.
Sustainability in Bathroom Design
Sustainability has become increasingly relevant in all areas of design, particularly in bathroom spaces. The importance of sustainable practices in bathroom cabinet planning cannot be overstated. As homeowners and designers strive to reduce their carbon footprint, integrating eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient solutions is crucial. The benefits are numerous, ranging from the environmental impact to long-term savings on utility bills. Additionally, embracing sustainability fosters a healthier living environment, reducing exposure to harmful chemicals commonly found in conventional materials. Understanding these factors better equips individuals to make informed decisions during the design process, ensuring their cabinets align with both personal values and contemporary standards.
Eco-Friendly Materials
Choosing eco-friendly materials is a fundamental aspect of sustainable bathroom design. Reclaimed wood is an excellent option for cabinets, as it reduces the demand for new lumber and utilizes materials that would otherwise be discarded. Bamboo is another sustainable material, known for its rapid growth and renewability. It provides a modern aesthetic while adhering to eco-conscious principles.
When selecting materials, it is vital to look for certifications like Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) approval, which ensures responsible forestry practices. Additionally, opting for low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) finishes and paints can significantly decrease indoor air pollution, making spaces more healthy for inhabitants.
Here are some eco-friendly materials to consider:
- Reclaimed Wood
- Bamboo
- Recycled Metal
- Low-VOC Paints and Finishes
These materials not only benefit the environment but also enhance the overall charm and uniqueness of the cabinetry.
Energy-Efficient Lighting Options
Incorporating energy-efficient lighting is another key element of sustainable design in bathrooms. LED lighting stands out as a primary choice, as it uses significantly less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs and has a much longer lifespan. This transition can lead to impressive energy savings over time, lessening both the environmental impact and utility costs.
When placing lights in your bathroom, consider the following:
- Task Lighting: Placing bright lights near mirrors for grooming tasks can improve visibility while ensuring efficiency.
- Ambient Lighting: Soft, diffused lighting creates a welcoming environment that is energy efficient.
- Smart Lighting Systems: Investing in smart systems can automate lighting, ensuring lights are only on when needed.
Utilizing energy-efficient lighting options not only enhances functionality but also aligns with eco-friendly bathroom design principles.
By aligning the planning of bathroom cabinets with sustainable practices, individuals not only contribute to environmental preservation but also create spaces that reflect modern values and aesthetics. Whether through material selection or lighting choices, these considerations elevate the bathroom's functionality and eco-friendliness.
Finalizing Your Cabinet Plan
When it comes to bathroom cabinet planning, finalizing your cabinet plan is a crucial step. This phase not only ensures that the design meets your needs but also aligns with your aesthetic preferences. Reviewing and adjusting plans before installation can avoid costly mistakes and make your bathroom both functional and beautiful. It’s essential to look at the various details that will contribute to the overall success of your project.
Reviewing Your Design
The first step in finalizing your cabinet plan involves a thorough review of the design. This includes looking over the layout, materials, and chosen colors. It is important to double-check whether the selected style matches your interior design vision. Consider if it complements other elements in your bathroom, such as fixtures and tiles.
- Layout Check: Ensure that the cabinet layout is practical for the space. Open doors or drawers should not obstruct walkways or other fixtures.
- Material Consistency: Reassess if the materials align with your sustainability goals and offer the durability needed for a bathroom's moisture-prone environment.
- Surface Finish: Review the finish on surfaces; gloss or matte can impact not only the visual effect but also maintenance efforts.
"Taking time to review the design can save you time and money in the long run."
By engaging in this review process, you reassure yourself that your decisions meet your expectations. If necessary, ask a professional for feedback. Sometimes a fresh perspective can highlight oversights that could impede functionality or aesthetic appeal.
Making Adjustments Before Installation
After reviewing the design, it is time to make any necessary adjustments. Consider whether you need to shift cabinet placements, replace materials, or modify dimensions. Small changes can have significant impacts.
- Adjust Sizes: Pay attention to the dimensions of your cabinets. Precision is vital in ensuring that all fittings work well within your bathroom space.
- Material Choices: If you find flaws in your current material selection, do not hesitate to switch to different options, such as varnished wood or moisture-resistant materials that better suit your needs.
- Accessory Integration: Be sure that all add-ons, like hardware or organizers, fit well with your cabinetry. These elements can add both function and style.